Gesundheitsfachkräfte
The PBC Foundation is the only UK organisation exclusively dedicated to providing support and information to those affected by PBC
Diagnostische Werkzeuge
Es gibt drei Untersuchungsmethoden, auf denen die PBC-Diagnose beruht.
The Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA)
Man weiß nun von diesen Antikörpern, die üblicherweise durch indirekte Immunfluoreszenz entdeckt werden, dass sie sich gegen eine Gruppe von Enzymen richten – den Pyruvat-Dehydrogenase-Komplex –, die sich normalerweise im Inneren der mitochondrialen Membrane fast aller Tierzellen befinden. Diese Antikörper sind sehr krankheitsspezifisch, aber weder spezifisch für das Gewebe noch für die Spezies. Sie sind bei circa 90 % der Patienten mit PBC vorhanden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Individuen mit konsistent starken antimitochondrialen Antikörpern im Serum bei einem Titer von < 1:40, die aber einen normalen Leberfunktionstest haben, eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit besitzen, eine abnorm hohe Leberhistologie zu haben, die auf eine frühe PBC hinweist. Über 80 % dieser Individuen werden chemische und klinische Merkmale dieser Krankheit entwickeln.
Leberfunktionstests
Patients with PBC have abnormal liver function tests, usually the alkaline phosphatase is more raised than the transaminases. Serum bilirubin is elevated late in the disease. Liver synthetic function is preserved until late in the disease, so serum albumin and clotting are usually normal. Immunoglobins show raised serum IgM, often IgG.
Leberbiopsie
The classical lesion of PBC is an immune attack upon intrahepatic bile ducts with aggregates of lymphocytes, sometimes with non-caseating granulomas, near bile ducts. As the disease progresses, there is piecemeal necrosis of liver cells extending from portal tracts together with portal fibrosis. This leads to a combination of disappearing bile ducts and, ultimately, cirrhosis. The pathological process can be uneven within the liver. Liver biopsy is very helpful for staging the disease.
The staging of the liver disease is assessed by the clinical, serological, image findings and liver histology. Liver ultrasound may be used to exclude concomitant gallstone disease, particularly in patients with abdominal discomfort. Furthermore, use of Fibroscan and serological markers of fibrosis will also give useful and non-invasive help in determining the degree of fibrosis. In practice, if a middle-aged female has positive antimitochondrial antibodies and is found to have raised serum alkaline phosphatase, then the likelihood is extremely high that she has PBC, even in the absence of any symptoms related to liver disease. If, during the investigation of any other disease, a patient is found to have positive antimitochondrial antibodies, then liver function tests should be checked and specific clinical enquiries should be made of the patient concerning the possibility of PBC symptoms.


